Canine Compound

These stones often have different radiographic layers representing different minerals.

Uroliths with a center composed of a different material than the outer layer(s) are called compound. Compound uroliths commonly occur when metabolic uroliths (e.g. calcium oxalate, urate) contribute to urinary tract infections with bacteria that promote struvite formation, or when suture material or other intraurocystic foreign material promotes mineralization over its surface, or when treatment/diet administered prior to urolith removal alter urine pH or crystal solubility.

• Identify causes for minerals or materials at or near the center.

• If present, prevent infection-induced struvite and calcium phosphate carbonate by repeating urine cultures and administering antibiotics when needed. • Next, select therapy to prevent the urolith center (see recommendations for specific mineral types at z.umn.edu/mnurolithRX). • Then, make adjustments in therapy to prevent the body, shell or bands without opposing therapy to prevent minerals at or near the center (e.g. urine specific gravity (<1.020), pH (≥6.5), and medications).

• Prevent infection-induced minerals (struvite and calcium phosphate carbonate) by controlling infection; not with food. • Select foods designed to minimize minerals at, or near the center of the urolith that are not infection-induced. z.umn.edu/mnurolithRX .

Follow monitoring strategies to minimize the material at the center of urolith(s). Medical imaging every 6 to 12 months to detect recurrent stones when small to permit their easy removal without surgery.

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Canine Compound